A number of JSON functions accept JSON Path expressions. MariaDB defines this
path as follows:

JSON Path Syntax
----------------

path : ['lax'] '$' [step]*

The path starts with an optional path mode. At the moment, MariaDB supports
only the "lax" mode, which is also the mode that is used when it is not
explicitly specified.

The $ symbol represents the context item. The search always starts from the
context item; because of that, the path always starts with $.

Then, it is followed by zero or more steps, which select element(s) in the
JSON document. A step may be one of the following:

* Object member selector
* Array element selector
* Wildcard selector

Object Member Selector
----------------------

To select member(s) in a JSON object, one can use one of the following:

* .memberName selects the value of the member with name memberName.
* ."memberName" - the same as above but allows one to select a member with a
name that's not a valid identifier (that is, has space, dot, and/or other
characters)
* .* - selects the values of all members of the object.

If the current item is an array (instead of an object), nothing will be
selected.

Array Element Selector
----------------------

To select elements of an array, one can use one of the following:

* [N] selects element number N in the array. The elements are counted from
zero.
* [*] selects all elements in the array.

If the current item is an object (instead of an array), nothing will be
selected.

Starting from MariaDB server 10.9, JSON path also supports negative index in
array, 'last' keyword and range notation ('to' keyword) for accessing array
elements. Negative index starts from -1.

* [-N] selects n th element from end.
* [last-N] selects n th element from the last element.
* [M to N] selects range of elements starting from index M to N.

Example:

SET @json='{
      "A": [0,
         [1, 2, 3],
         [4, 5, 6],
         "seven",
         0.8,
         true,
         false,
         "eleven",
         [12, [13, 14], {"key1":"value1"},[15]],
         true],
      "B": {"C": 1},
      "D": 2
     }';
SELECT JSON_EXTRACT(@json, '$.A[-8][1]');
+--------------------------------------------------+
| JSON_EXTRACT(@json, '$.A[-8][1]')                |
+--------------------------------------------------+
| 5                                                |
+--------------------------------------------------+

SELECT JSON_EXTRACT(@json, '$.A[last-7][1]');
+-----------------------------------------------+
| SELECT JSON_EXTRACT(@json, '$.A[last-7][1]'); |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| 5                                             |
+-----------------------------------------------+

SET @json= '[
      [1, {"key1": "value1"}, 3],
      [false, 5, 6],
      [7, 8, [9, {"key2": 2}, 11]],
      [15, 1.34, [14], ["string1", [16, {"key1":[1,2,3,[4,5,6]]}, 18]]],
      [19, 20],
      21, 22
      ]';

SELECT JSON_EXTRACT(@json, '$[0 to 3][2]');
+-----------------------------------------------+
| JSON_EXTRACT(@json, '$[0 to 3][2]')           |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| [3, 6, [9, {"key2": 2}, 11], [14]]            |
+-----------------------------------------------+

This will produce output for first index of eighth from last element of a two
dimensional array.

Note: In range notation, when M > N ( when M,N are greater than or equal to 0)
or (size of array - M or size of array - N when M, N are less than 0), then it
is treated as an impossible range and NULL is returned.

SET @json= '[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]';
SELECT JSON_EXTRACT(@json, '$[4 to 2]');
+-----------------------------------+
| JSON_EXTRACT(@json, '$[4 to 2]')  |
+-----------------------------------+
| NULL                              |
+-----------------------------------+

Wildcard
--------

The wildcard step, **, recursively selects all child elements of the current
element. Both array elements and object members are selected.

The wildcard step must not be the last step in the JSONPath expression. It
must be followed by an array or object member selector step.

For example:

select json_extract(@json_doc, '$**.price');

will select all object members in the document that are named price, while

select json_extract(@json_doc, '$**[2]');

will select the second element in each of the arrays present in the document.

Compatibility
-------------

MariaDB's JSONPath syntax supports a subset of JSON Path's definition in the
SQL Standard. The most notable things not supported are the strict mode and
filters.

MariaDB's JSONPath is close to MySQL's JSONPath. The wildcard step ( ** ) is a
non-standard extension that has the same meaning as in MySQL. The differences
between MariaDB and MySQL's JSONPath are: MySQL supports [last] and [M to N]
as array element selectors; MySQL doesn't allow one to specify the mode
explicitly (but uses lax mode implicitly).

URL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/jsonpath-expressions/